much and little are used with uncountable nouns (nesaskaitāmajiem lietvārdiem):
Much oil is needed for our industry.
Much attention is paid to exrecises.
many and few are used with nouns in the plural:
There are many scienists in the world.
In summer there are few children in the streets.
far - farther - farthest
further Furthest
Near- nearer - nearest
next
late - later - latest
latter last
old - older - oldest
elder eldest